Malachi 2

Posted Posted in Sunday School

Part 1 (2:1-9): These verses finish Chapter 1’s rebuke to the priests 

  • A command is referred to twice in this section (2:1, 2:4). What command is he referring to?
  • What was the offence of the priests that would cause them to be cursed?
  • What was the curse? What is offal/dung, and what is the significance of using it in this curse?
  • Who was Levi and what did God commend him for?
  • The behaviors of the current priests were contrasted with “Levi” in what ways?
  • The church today has a similar responsibility–we are to teach the nations about God.  I think this passage begs the question–how are we at Weavertown doing with the same criteria the priests were held to here in this passage? What do you think God would have Malachi say about us?
Part 2: Profaning the Covenant
  • ​Part 2a: V 10 starts by appealing to the Israelite’s commonalities to ask why are WE faithless and thereby profaning the covenant of our fathers. 
    • First of all, it’s interesting that Malachi switches to WE in this statement instead of YOU.
    • Define Profane (what were they doing to profane the covenant?)  I think understanding what profanity is might be key to internalizing this passage. 
    • ​​What is meant by marrying the daughter of a foreign god?
    • There is a curse for profanity!  Do we profane the Bride of Christ in a similar manner?
  • Part 2b: Two part accusation: weeping during worship and breaking the marriage covenant.
  • Weeping at the altar:  I think an obvious takeaway is that God will not accept our worship/gifts when we have (known?) sin in our hearts.  But what is wrong with weeping at the altar?
  • Faithless to your wife: what exactly were the Israelites doing to be faithless (break their marriage covenant) to their wife?
  • What were the reasons God listed that they shouldn’t break their marriage covenant (besides that you obviously don’t break covenants)?  What is the significance of those reasons?
  • Interesting side note: how does this discussion about divorce inform us about how God feels about divorce (in general, but particularly in our current day)?

Malachi 1

Posted Posted in Sunday School

Author’s note: how do you manage to get a handle on the context of a book like Malachi and cover the whole first chapter in one Sunday?  At the current rate, I’m going to sit down on the job on one or both sections….

 

The oracle of the word of the Lord to Israel by Malachi.

Background to Malachi

Who, What, Where, Why questions are critical to sincere exegesis of any book of the Bible.

Author:

  • 1:1 and 3:1 imply that Malachi was the author. But Malachi literally means “my messenger”, so you could alternately read 1:1 as “The oracle of the word of the Lord to Israel by my messenger” (this is how 3:1 is translated). Some scholars make a case that the author was anonymous (seems unlikely since this would be only prophetic book like that). The reference to my messenger (Malachi) in 1:1 is probably a play on the author’s name.
  • In any case, we know nothing about the author with the possible exception of his name.

Date and Geopolitical Context:

  • “Haggai and Zechariah . . . are noteworthy for the chronological precision with which they related their lives and ministries to their historical milieu. This is not the case at all with Malachi. In fact, one of the major problems in a study of this book is that of locating it within a narrow enough chronological framework to provide a Sitz im Leben [situation in life] sufficient to account for its peculiar themes and emphases.” (as cited by Constable)
  • Need to rely on content of book to approximate the date. It speaks of worship at the second temple, so after 515 BC, which was when the temple was completed.  Most think it was between 515 and 400 BC.  Mostly likely corresponding most closely with events recorded in 2nd half of the book of Nehemiah. Also, it would be near the time of Esther.
  • Reference is also made to the governor, so must  be referring to the satrapy’s Persian-appointed governor.  The newly reformed nation of Israel was struggling for survival with competing satrapies at this time.  You can see some of this with the accusations of the Israelites to God (e.g. 1:2 “how have you loved us?”).   Haggai and Zechariah were the most recent prophets and they spoke a lot about Zion–which didn’t seem to be coming about.
  • “. . . Malachi and his contemporaries were living in an uneventful waiting period, when God seemed to have forgotten His people enduring poverty and foreign domination in the little province of Judah. . . . True the Temple had been completed, but nothing momentous had occurred to indicate that God’s presence had returned to fill it with glory, as Ezekiel had indicated would happen (Ezk. 43:4). . . . Generations were dying without receiving the promises (cfHeb. 11:13) and many were losing their faith.”[14] (as cited by Constable)
  • Probably the best context is to try to imagine what you must have felt like to be a Jew in Jerusalem in Nehemiah’s day.  This is the environment where the story of Esther and the Maccabees occured, and 400 years of repeated foreign invasions and repression without divine encouragment.

Genre and Theme:

  • Burden/Oracle. Hebrew Massa (Strongs 4853) . Literally “burden”.  But also means the message of the Lord.  Here are the 65 ways it is used in the OT: http://biblehub.com/hebrew/strongs_4853.htm

    Update: Here is the summary from the NET Bible Translators Notes which is much better than what I can say: The Hebrew term III מַשָּׂא (massa’), usually translated “oracle” or “utterance” (BDB 672 s.v. מַשָּׂא), is a technical term in prophetic literature introducing a message from the Lord (see Zech 9:1; 12:1). Since it derives from a verb meaning “to carry,” its original nuance was that of a burdensome message, that is, one with ominous content. (NET notes)

  • Malachi is “[…]formally classified as belonging to the genre of oracular prose. The messages are oracular in nature because they represent authoritative prophetic speech motivated or inspired by God himself. By prose, we mean that the literary texture of Malachi s a blend of prosaic and rhetorical features, approaching poetic discourse, but distinctive of prophetic style. …The discourse units in Malachi may be broadly categorized as judgment speeches, since they accuse, indict and pronounce judgment on the audience.” (Hill p. 280).
  • Some call this genre of prophecy “covenant lawsuit”.  The Israelites were breaking their portion of the covenant and God was taking them to court over their infractions.

Lesson

Outline (Constable)

  1. Introduction 1:1
  2. The priests exhorted not to dishonor the Lord (the theological angle) 1:2—2:9
    1. Positive motivation: the Lord’s love 1:2-5
    2. Situation: the priests’ failure to honor the Lord 1:6-9
    3. Command: stop the pointless offerings 1:10
    4. Situation: the priests’ worship profaning the Lord’s name 1:11-14
    5. Negative motivation: the results of disobedience 2:1-9

So chapter 1 really covers 1 1/2 sections if you use this outline.

  • Following the above outline, 1:2-5 is part 1 of the discourse against the priests. This section explains how God loves them.
  • 1:2 I have loved you seems to be a thesis statement for the book.  This undergirds basically everything God is arguing for in the whole book. What a powerful assertion to the disillusioned Jews living in a hostile environment!
  • How does this same idea of God’s enduring love for his people apply to his church 2 millennia after Christ promised to return for us? (we also have the promise of a new Jerusalem)
  • Rhetorical response to God’s love: How have you loved us?
    • First of all, what a dumb response?! How could you say this to God? In reality, isn’t this human tendency?
    • God replies with the example of how he chose Israel over Edom. Edom was also destroyed when the Babylonians destroyed Judah.
    • God promised their own eyes would see the fulfillment of this
    • Side note: The epithet Lord who rules over all occurs frequently as a divine title throughout Malachi (24 times total). This name (יְהוָה צְבָאוֹתyÿhvah tsÿvaot), traditionally translated “Lord of hosts” (so KJV, NAB, NASB; cf. NIV NLT “Lord Almighty”; NCV, CEV “Lord All-Powerful”), emphasizes the majestic sovereignty of the Lord, an especially important concept in the postexilic world of great human empires and rulers (NET Notes)

Situation: The failure of the priests to honor the Lord (v 6-9)

  • Accusations:
    • Evidenced by: polluted offerings > Despised = offering inferior gifts. Deut 15:21 If they have any kind of blemish – lameness, blindness, or anything else – you may not offer them as a sacrifice to the Lord your God.
      • Were these inferior animals the exchange racket that was occurring during Jesus’ day, or was it simply not caring what animals were presented?
      • Pollution = by saying the Lord’s table may be despised. Note: table here refers to the altar, but is probably used to show the symbolism of the meal served after two parties “sign” a covenant, and of eating with the governor (Persian satrapy).
    • You are not honoring or respecting (fearing) me
    • Despising my name
  • God was rejecting their offerings–just like their civil ruler would.  God uses his name, The Lord of Hosts, to emphasize that he was greater than any civil governor or Persian king.
  • Why did they need to entreat the favor the Lord?
    • Because they were bringing down wrath on themselves, not favor.
    • BTW, many point out that Malachi was using the phrases from the priests’ blessing here (Numbers 6:22-27) to emphasize how they were receiving cursing not blessing from the priests.
  • Summary: Does the church despise Jesus by offering polluted offerings?  I.e. what is the equivalent to offering blind and sick animals at Weavertown?

Command: stop the pointless offerings (v. 10)

  • God begs that someone would just close the doors, and shut down all the vain (pointless) offerings. Why does he call the offerings vain?
  • This BEGS the question–does God wish some churches would close their doors due to their pointless worship?

Situation: The Priests’ Worship Profaning the Lord’s Name (11-14)

  • This seems like a recap of the previous argument, but this time with a curse.
  • First, although God begs to have someone close the temple doors, he states that his name will be honored in all the nations, and that pure (acceptable) offerings would be offered.
    • First of all, what a slap to the Jews!
    • This seems to be a prophecy of the spread of the New Testament Gospel.  At any rate, God would saying it was more important to be offering pure offerings then temple offerings.  Definitely not typical Jewish thought.
    • What does from the rising of the sun to its setting mean?
  • In the same way this must have insulted the Jews/priests, I think the church has an obligation to take this critique to heart. If we are not offering pure offerings here at Weavertown, God will get his pleasure and honor from the nations instead!!
    • Desecrated offerings: Again, do we (Weavertown/Beachy/American) offer any of these polluted offerings: the sick, lame, taken by violence, blemished, or break our vows? What is the equivalent in Lancaster County?
  • The passage closes by again emphasizing that the Lord Almighty will be receive his due respect among the nations (if not among his own people!!).

 

Sources:

NET Bible Translators Notes. Available at lumina.bible.org

Constable’s Notes. Available at lumina.bible.org. https://lumina.bible.org/bible/Malachi+1

Andrew E Hill. Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. Volume 28. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries.

Esther 9 & 10 Study Guide

Posted Posted in Sunday School

Intro: this is now the Happily Ever After chapter to the story of Esther.

  • 12th month, 13th day: how long was this from when the reversal order had been given?
  • Reversal (9:1, ESV): this seems to be a major theme in the book of Esther.  What was it exactly that was reversed in the book of Esther?
  • Why did fear of the Jews fall on all the people?
  • Why were Haman’s sons listed by name?
  • Why was no hand laid on the plunder, and apparently neither on women and children? (v. 10, 15, 16).
  • Why was another day needed to finish up in Susa, and why impale the sons of Haman if they had already been killed? (Esther’s request, v. 13)  Why did Esther ask for permission to impale them?
  • Feast of Purim instituted (9:16-32):
    • A major reason for the book of Esther seems to be to explain the background for the feast of Purim.  Verses 17-22 explains why Purim got to be two days and why they got started sending gifts of food to each other.
    • Vs 23-28 summarize the entire book and especially why the Jews celebrate Purim.
    • Queen Esther further confirmed the authority of the letter (some think this was necessary because many of the Jews would be resistant to adding a non-Mosaic feast to the already busy calendar.)
    • How should we evaluate the feast of Purim, especially since it is not mentioned in any other book of the Bible? (hint: what does the author say about it?)
    • How should we remember things God has done for us?
  • Final Tributes (Chapter 10)
    • Xerxes: taxed everything in sight.  What is that supposed to reveal about him?
    • Mordecai: honored, advanced by the king, great among the Jews, popular, and sought welfare of his people and spoke peace to them (10:2,3).  What does this say about Mordecai?
      • BTW, in my mind, this is one of the best cases in the book of Esther for the righteousness of Mordecai.  However, here is an article that provides a reasonable explanation of this tribute to Mordecai. (Just to wet your appetite, it also calls Purim a Jewish Mardi Gras.)
  • Conclusion: what is the main point(s) of the book of Esther?

In other news, next Sunday starts study of Malachi.  I would strongly encourage you to read Constable’s introduction to Malachi prior to next week: https://lumina.bible.org/bible/Malachi+1 (select the notes tab in the right column).

Why I Became a Nurse

Posted Posted in Creative Writing

This was written for a my English 300 class at PA College of Health Science Fall 2016. 

As a male nurse, I’ve often been asked why I decided to become a nurse. I suppose that’s because for some, the career choice may not be so obvious for a guy.  To be honest, I don’t always know why I became a nurse–and probably there was not one primary reason–but perhaps more a culmination of experiences that gave me the impetus.  I often think of four events that helped me push me towards to become an RN.

About the year I turned 12, my father quit his job at the family business to start his own family business so he could spend more time with his growing gaggle of energetic boys. Our farm was the shape of an arrowhead, cut by two merging highways, where as much traffic as you could expect in rural Kansas flowed by.  So Dad started a market garden and I got to pull weeds.   Our garden produced an abundance that year.  But you need to sell a lot of tomatoes to feed a growing family.

One day, Dad walked into the house as Mom was setting a pot of steaming rice and beans on the table.  His weather-beaten skin glistened with sweat as he reached in the little cubby where he kept his paperwork. “I guess I’d better put a little gas in the truck,” he told Mom. But there was no cash to be found. Instead, he handed me the old pineapple can, half full of loose change.  I dumped it out with a crash on the table and started counting coins with him.  After the can was about half empty, Dad said, “That ought to do till pay day.“ And so Dad put several dollars of gas in the truck.

The problem with that was this kept happening all summer.   Dad was a brave and visionary man.  Although I didn’t realize it at the time, it was events like this that helped me realize I didn’t want to live my life hand-to-mouth like Dad was willing to, even if it meant working for someone else.

About five years later, I was now working on a construction crew, pouring solid new concrete walls beneath existing houses.  One beautiful spring day in early June the rising sun was painting the clouds in the eastern sky with fire as I and my three compatriots leapt out of the old Ford at the jobsite.  The first section of crumbling foundation had already been excavated and the footer poured.  Today, we would try to form up and pour the accompanying wall before digging out the rest of the old basement.  Within moments of arrival, our light jackets had already been shed and jovial shouts were echoing across the site as the battered old forms were screwed into place. By lunchtime, the forming was looking good and the concrete had been ordered.

But shortly after lunch, the brilliant azure sky began to turn deep blue, and then from deep blue to gray.  Leaves were whipping across the yard and a chill crept into the air as the sun was swallowed in the billowing gray mass. “You about got that buttoned up out there, Mark?” shouted the foreman as he peered through the window opening, “It’s going to rain!” Packing up was out of the question as a downpour would most likely cause a cave-in of the narrow trench and destroy the empty walls.  Shoveling muddy clay out of an eight-foot trench was a 12 out of 10 on my pain scale, so I desperately labored to wrap up the last section of wall.

The sky erupted in brilliant white as the concrete truck rumbled up the drive.  “Looks like a dandy!” shouted the driver as he revved the engine to mix in the extra water to thin the concrete.  Thunder crashed overhead as I shivered on the scaffolding. I knew I couldn’t put on my jacket or I would have nothing dry to wear on the ride home. Great droplets started sporadically at first, but rapidly progressed to a regular downpour. This side of the house had no gutters, so great sheets of rain crashed upon my huddled back.  The wind whipped the droplets into my chattering teeth.  From out in the monsoon, the rate of the concrete filling the wall seemed unbearably leisurely, but the walls were all full and tapped out eventually.

I think my boss bought us Pizza Hut for our pains. It sure was nice of him, but I guess I’m just not that cracked on working in the “beautiful” great outdoors.

And then, there’s that time a few years later when my family moved to a new area of Kansas.  Over coffee one day, Sonny, our new neighbor, reported that Oswego, our nearby town of 3,000, used to be almost too full on Saturday evening to walk down Main Street on. “Nowadays,” he gestured emphatically with his massive weather-beaten hands, “You can shoot a cannonball down Main Street and not hit a thing!” And it’s true—Labette county, like so many other western countries, are ebbing away.  The survivors are frugal and cautious–and they have to be in order to stay behind.  And so it was no surprise that Dad and I had almost no work for a whole year.  You know, it’s hard to live the American dream when you can’t get a job.  I knew I was going to need to get out of self-employed construction and manual labor if I wanted break this cycle of dependence on weather and entry-level jobs.

Labette county has a pretty good little community college with a real solid nursing program. I was willing to give it a try. But first, I needed to know I could put my heart into something that involved bedpans and barf.  Nurse aides make about what I was making in my current construction job, so I enrolled in a CNA class, which was held at a local nursing home. The first evening, as I approached the ornately carved massive outer door and was greeted with a keypad required to let myself in, I remembered thinking, “What on earth am I doing here?!” But I bravely crossed the threshold. There, the pungent smell of disinfectant struck my nostrils.  There is only one place in the world that has the smell of sterile pee—a nursing home.

“Come on, Mark,” my instructor said, “let’s get this done.”  I was no stranger to working in mud and being dirty, but helping a little old grandma off the commode was certainly not in the same class.  At the moment, I was sure it was an entirely different galaxy.  Gingerly, I snapped on the blue nitrile gloves.  “Are these things really waterproof?” I wondered in horror.  But it was too late to back out now, because Grandma’s hazy gray eyes were peering trustingly at me through her smudged glasses.  “Just do your thing,” they seemed to say.”  She grunted to stand with my instructor and I’s assistance. With her contractured legs, she had trouble standing upright. Hygiene completed, she sat down heavily into the wheelchair which had been crammed in at the only angle it would fit in the microscopic bathroom.  “Thank you”, she whispered.  What was so awkward for me was simply her expectation, and really, her need.  In this moment, I realized I could actually be a nurse.  She needed me.

A week later during clinicals, an LPN on duty approached me unexpectedly as she whipped up the standard second dinner of crushed pills in applesauce for some wheelchair-bound denizen. “You’re going to be a really good nurse, Mark,” she said.  I was surprised and taken back at these prophetic words from someone who had barely seen me do something I didn’t even know myself if I could do.  Those gracious words were over 10 years ago; I have often thought of them as being an integral part of the motivation for me to go through with the 5-hour nights of sleep, hours of study, and living paycheck to paycheck as I fought my way through nursing school.

And so for me, my reasons to be a nurse were both from pragmatism and purpose.  I was done with being subject to the whims of the weather (I didn’t even mention the color of your toes when you drive a skid loader all day in January).  I simply wanted to make a decent wage in an area where it was hard to get a job; I wanted to be the loving provider for my future family.  CNA class showed me I loved the thrill of showing gentle love to the person who could not reciprocate.  Sometimes it seems strangely coincidental that I ever even considered going to nursing school. And yet I know that for the God to whom I entrust my life there are no coincidences.

Esther 6 study guide

Posted Posted in Sunday School

This chapter seems like a study in the power of God to control world events in unbelievable ways. I keep thinking about it in regard to our presidential election. What “coincidences” do you see in this chapter that were not just coincidences?

  • On that night, the king could not sleep.  Why not?  Also, it must have been toward morning that he gave up and asked for some distraction, since he had just heard about Mordecai’s actions when Haman walked in. 
  • Why had Xerxes, a king who was fanatical about honoring loyalty, not honored Mordecai until now (5-ish years)
  • Not only could the king not sleep, but he was just finished hearing about Mordecai when Haman walked in.
  • Haman totally missed the possibility that the king would want to honor anyone besides him.  Why? Here are a few of my thoughts:
    • First, because of God’s provision here.  Fascinating bunny trail is looking at how God chose to humble and break Haman. Romans 9:14-18 is instructive. God apparently chose Haman’s flaming destruction to show his power. Very similar to how God used the Pharaoh in Moses’ time to demonstrate his power (see Romans 9). 
      • I think the implications are that although we have freedom of choice, it is God’s prerogative (right) to bring glory to Himself through our choices. It is our choice whether he will get His glory through our submission to His will, or by being shredded by His sovereignty.  Compare with Matt 21:44. 
    • Pride. Does Haman’s desires remind you of Satan in that Haman wanted to be honored like the king himself?
    • An aside–do we ever ask for the king’s robe? Are there ways we do what Satan and Haman did? 
      • How does pride blind our common sense?
      • What is pride?
      • What is the antidote for pride?
  • What is the effect on the city when Haman is publicly humiliated before Mordecai? What is the effect on Haman and his wife and friends?  Is there application we can draw here for how God will deal with those who would destroy his chosen people?
Extra credit if we run out of things to talk about: last Sunday there was some discussion in our class about our obligation to the civil government of the country we belong to. If we are going to discuss that, we should start by getting the Biblical data on the table first.
  • Romans 13:1-7
  • 1 Peter 2:13-17
  • Acts 4:19-20

Esther 5 Study Guide 11/6/16

Posted Posted in Sunday School
  • Until now, we have mostly seen Esther in a passive position. Almost certainly, she was taken into the king’s harem with little to no choice of her own.  Many of the verbs speaking of Esther are in the passive sense–in other words, she was not very in control of her destiny.  In the end of chapter 4 going into today’s lesson, we see a reversal of the passivity.  She becomes very deliberate and takes the assertiveness of a queen.
  • What is the significance of Esther putting on her royal robes?
  • Esther wins favor in the king’s sight:  We know from Xerxes previous behavior that this is not a given.  Is it just chance then that Esther wins this favor?
  • Esther’s plan: maybe a bunny trail, but I think her method shows insight into the male psyche. She made him curious instead of nagging or beating him over the head.  Are there lessons we can learn for our own cross-gender relationships?
  • 5:5 “that we may do as Esther has asked” (ESV)  This shows the king and Haman recognizing Esther as an authority in her own right.  This is also underscored by the pride Haman had in being included in Esther’s feast (v9, 12).
  • Why did Esther again delay her request to the king after the first banquet?
  • Haman and Mordecai: Mordecai’s behavior has become different yet from his previous actions (refusal to bow/pay homage >> refusal to stand/tremble). There was now no doubt in either man’s mind that they were total enemies, and that Haman had a death sentence hanging over Mordecai.
    • Why was Mordecai not rising nor trembling before Haman?
  • What do Haman’s actions here tell us about what kind of a person he was?
    • Why was Haman so furious about Mordecai’s apparent lack of respect/fear?  Why could one man’s lack of respect/fear totally ruin his accomplishments?
    • Why did Haman need to recount these items to his wife and friends? What is the significance of the accomplishments he listed?
  • Gallows 75 feet high: how did Haman get this made after supper in one evening (I don’t think they stocked gallows kits at Lowes in those days)?  Does this show exaggeration, symbolism,  or?? (interesting read here)

Esther 4: SS Study Guide for 10/30/16

Posted Posted in Sunday School
  • Recap from last Sunday: Mordecai’s unwillingness to respect/commit to loyalty to Haman set off chain of events that was going to bring annihilation to the Jews.  Chapter 3 set up the disaster that the book hinges on.
  • The reason I bring up Mordecai’s choices here is because we start Chapter 4 with Mordecai in sackcloth and a bitter cry.  I was wondering how it must feel to know you were the one that set up the destruction for your people.  It would be bad enough knowing you had done it in good conscience, but how would you feel if you knew you were wrong? (I’m not trying to say that Mordecai was wrong (although in my personal opinion he was at least being foolish), but more to have you think about how it applies to us: let US be CAREFUL to not foolishly be disrespectful.)
  • BTW, how much time do we have here between when the decree was sent (“coincidentally” on the eve of Passover week), and when it was to be carried out?  How much time from when the decree was sent until it was “reversed”?
  • Mourning: what was the symbolism of sackcloth and ashes?
    • Says in every province. Think of the joy of God’s enemies back in Jerusalem.
    • Why did Mordecai go up to the king’s gate to mourn?
  • Why was Esther distressed at Mordecai’s mourning?
    • What was the point in sending him clothes to wear? He obviously had clothes already, right?
    • Interesting that Mordecai even knew how much money Haman had promised. 10,000 talents may have been near 2/3 of GDP of Persian empire (Debra Reid).  For comparison: US GDP $16.77 Trillion x 0.75 = 0.66 so around $10 Trillion if we would be thinking in American value.  Little wonder people were repeating the number as the story passed around (did Haman leak the number to brag since this conversation was behind closed doors?)
  • Mordecai commanded Esther to go in to the king. Interesting that he commanded her. Maybe more importantly, he was finally releasing (commanding) her to reveal her identity.
    • The author, using Esther’s response, reveals that Esther is now in the same position of Vashti–of disobeying the king.  We know what happened to Vashti when she did that, what will happen to Esther? (One important difference here, though, is that Esther was smart enough to make the Jews’ destruction a matter of the king’s honor, whereas Vashti had publicly violated the king’s honor.)
    • What is the significance of not being called in to the king for 30 days?
  • What is the significance of Mordecai warning Esther so severely in his reply to her initial refusal? Why did he throw in her father’s house as well? Wasn’t it perishing anyway with her being married off to a Persian king?
    • Mordecai’s second response seems to show his faith in deliverance.  But yet he almost states it as a question? He did not know for sure that Esther would be able to avert the disaster, but he knew that she must try.
  • Vs 12-17 is probably the most interesting passage in the book. There seems to be an implicit faith in God and his providence, and yet he is never mentioned. How do you reconcile this? I am confident Scripture’s omission of prayer and God in this passage are not incidental.
  • What is the significance of Esther’s statement: “If I perish, I perish”?
    • Obviously, Esther was committing to laying down her life for her people which was commendable. And yet, was her statement showing her resignation to fate, or was a declaration of her faith in God’s providence??

Esther 3 Study Guide (10/23/16)

Posted Posted in Sunday School
  • After these things… How much time had elapsed here?
  • Haman the Agagite: is there significance to his name?
  • Xerxes apparently trusted Haman implicitly so much that he elevated him above the other officials and we don’t see the multitude of counselors any more. Was that wise?
  • The king’s command: bow and pay homage (ESV) or reverence (KJV).  Was Mordecai justified in disobeying the king’s command?
    • Strongly encourage you to study how the words bow and reverence are used in the OT.
    • Definition of Homage (Dictionary.com):

respect or reverence paid or rendered: In his speech he paid homage to Washington and Jefferson.
the formal public acknowledgment by which a feudal tenant or vassal declared himself to be the man or vassal of his lord, owing him fealty and service.

  • In the little that I have studied, I think use of this word in Hebrew roughly correlates with the idea of paying homage in the English, as defined above. If so, Mordecai was basically making a statement that he was unwilling to reverence or be loyal to Haman, who was his superior.   It was not that he was being commanded to worship Haman, but to respect him. If so, his behavior would be in direct contradiction with passages such as 1 Peter 2:13-17 and Jeremiah 29:7.
  • Deffinbaugh points out the concern of later Jewish commentators with this apparent contradiction in Mordecai’s attitude:

(5) Later Jewish additions to our text betray the fact that Mordecai was being stubborn and rebellious. The Alexandrian Jews, uneasy with Mordecai’s attitudes and actions as conveyed in the Hebrew text, sought to improve his image with this insertion:

“About 100 B.C., Alexandrian Jews, possibly in an effort to vindicate the spirituality of Mordecai . . . put this prayer into his mouth: ‘You know all things; you know, Lord, that it was not because of insolence or arrogance or vanity that I did this, that I did not bow down before arrogant Haman; for I would have been quite willing to have kissed the soles of his feet for Israel’s sake. But I did it in order that I might not put the glory of a man above the glory of God.’“40

If it were not so obvious that Mordecai was a proud, self-willed Jew, later Jews would see no need to tamper with the original text.

  • I would also like to consider the possibility that Mordecai was justified in refusing to bow.  Mostly, I would like to ask if there are any applications to us today. Do we have circumstances where we should not be bowing or offering loyalty?
  • Was Haman playing wild and free with the truth in his request to the king?
  • 10,000 talents of silver?! Not a significant point, but was Haman just making up this unbelievable number (75lb x 10,000 = 750,000lb of silver) knowing that the king would say to keep it?
  • What was Xerxes thinking in just passing off his signet ring like this? Do we as fathers make decisions like this sometimes?
  • “And the king and Haman sat down to drink, but the city of Susa was thrown into confusion.” (Esther 3:15b)  What was the significance of Xerxes and Hamans’ sitting down to drink? What was going on in the city of Susa?
  • Where was God in all of this?

Esther 2 Study Guide

Posted Posted in Sunday School

A few questions to get you started:

  • How many years was chapter 1 from Chapter 2 (“…Now after these things…”) ?
  • Is there any significance to Mordecai and Esther’s names? (probably transliteration of the common name for Persian gods)
  • Do you think Esther was taken by force into the Harem or did Mordecai “enroll” her? (I’m not sure Scripture tells us, but the answer helps form an opinion of Mordecai’s character).
  • The text mentions twice that Esther was an orphan. Besides being plain fact, why is this such an interesting detail?
  • Was it acceptable for Mordecai to command Esther to conceal her nationality?
  • Why do you think Esther found favor with all who *saw* her?  BTW, is it reasonable to even infer more about her character than is said???
  • V 17 Esther is made queen instead of Vashti…this illustrates that Esther was now in the same honored, but perilous position as Vashti was.
  • What was the second gathering of virgins (v. 19)? Was this referring to some part of the feast for Esther?
  • FYI, Xerxes was killed in an assassination by someone allowed into his chambers by the chamberlain.
  • Why do you think Mordecai was not honored immediately?
  • If we run out of things to discuss, here is one from last Sunday… It’s easy to critique Vashti’s response to be summoned. But how about Xerxes… How often do we as men assume our wife or family even are for our own honor and pleasure and use them as such? Wasn’t that Xerxes’ motivation in summoning her?

Introduction to the Book of Esther

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esther

  • Starting book of Esther next Sunday.  Maybe you’ve never thought of this, but I think there are some tough questions to answer before we can jump into the book.  Christian scholars through the ages have a wide variety of explanations that perhaps we must struggle through a bit to come to most Scriptural understanding of Esther.  Here are a few things to get you thinking.
  • Occurs roughly 50 years after (530 to 480)  the 70 year exile was finished and the first return to Jerusalem.  So what was Mordecai doing, working in a heathen capital?
  • Why is there no mention of God or prayer anywhere in the book?
  • Why is the feast of Purim and the book of Esther never mentioned in the NT?
  • Here is an interesting article (Part 1, Part 2) that discusses some of these sticky questions.
  • A basic understanding of the chronology is helpful.  Here is a detailed article of the contemporary kings.
  • persian-empire-chart
    Timeline
  • What do you think is the main point of chapter 1?
  • Xerxes: Here is a quote from J. Sidlow Baxter regarding the nature of this fine specimen of a king.

11 What then of Xerxes? This is the king who ordered a bridge to be built over the Hellespont, and who, on learning that the bridge had been destroyed by a tempest, just after its completion, was so blindly enraged that he commanded three hundred strokes of the scourge to be inflicted on the sea, and a pair of fetters to be thrown into it at the Hellespont, and then had the unhappy builders of the bridge beheaded. This is the king who, on being offered a sum equivalent to five and a half million sterling by Pythius, the Lydian, towards the expenses of a military expedition, was so enraptured at such loyalty that he returned the money, accompanied by a handsome present; and then, on being requested by this same Phthius, shortly afterwards, to spare him just one of his sons—the eldest—from the expedition, as the sole support of his declining years, furiously ordered the son to be cut into two pieces, and the army to march between them. This is the king who dishonoured the remains of the heroic Spartan, Leonidas. This is the king who drowned the humiliation of his inglorious defeat in such a plunge of sensuality that he publicly offered a prize for the invention of some new indulgence. This is the king who cut a canal through the Isthmus of Athos for his fleet—a prodigious undertaking. This is the king whose vast resources, and gigantic notions and imperious temper made the name of Persia to awe the ancient world. Herodotus tells us that among the myriads gathered for the expedition against Greece, Ahasuerus was the fairest in personal beauty and stately bearing. But morally he was a mixture of passionate extremes. He is just the despot to dethrone queen Vashti for refusing to expose herself before his tipsy guests. He is just the one to consign a people like the Jews to be massacred, and then to swing over to the opposite extreme of sanctioning Jewish vengeance on thousands of his other subjects. J. Sidlow Baxter, Explore the Book (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House [reprint], six volumes in one, 1960), Vol. 2, pp. 262-263.